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Emperor Charlemagne intended to create the Spanish March to the south of the Pyrenees, a highly militarised administrative unit under his reign. This March would serve to defend the southern border of the Frankish kingdom against the Vascones and Islam. For this purpose, in the year 778, he organised a large army, consisting of two…

Frankish sources refer to Vasconia as the territory between the Ebro and Garonne rivers (Wascones, qui trans Garonnam et circa Pirineum montem habitant), with Pamplona, Toulouse and Bordeaux being some of its most important places. In turn, Aquitania occupied the land between the Garonne and Loire rivers. The history of Vasconia between the years 711…