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La Chanson de Roland is an epic poem with several hundred verses, about the Battle of Roncesvalles. It was written at the end of the 11th century (three centuries after the fact) and its authorship is attributed to a Norman monk called Turoldus. It is one of the oldest poems of heroic deeds written in…
The impact of the battle was such that it has transcended time. In 1934, the 100-year anniversary of the discovery of La Chanson de Roland in 1834, a monument was erected in Alto de Ibañeta under the auspices of the Provincial Council of Navarra. At the time it was called the Monument to Peace in…
Emperor Charlemagne intended to create the Spanish March to the south of the Pyrenees, a highly militarised administrative unit under his reign. This March would serve to defend the southern border of the Frankish kingdom against the Vascones and Islam. For this purpose, in the year 778, he organised a large army, consisting of two…
Frankish sources refer to Vasconia as the territory between the Ebro and Garonne rivers (Wascones, qui trans Garonnam et circa Pirineum montem habitant), with Pamplona, Toulouse and Bordeaux being some of its most important places. In turn, Aquitania occupied the land between the Garonne and Loire rivers. The history of Vasconia between the years 711…
